1. Status Wajib Puasa
Anak kecil yang belum baligh tidak wajib berpuasa Ramadhan, karena baligh adalah syarat utama bagi kewajiban ibadah puasa dan sholat. Namun, jika anak sudah mampu berpuasa, hal itu tidak mengurangi keabsahan puasanya.
2. Usia dan Kesiapan Anak
- Jika anak sudah berusia 7 tahun, mampu berpuasa, dan sudah bisa mandiri dalam makan-minum (tamyiz), wali (orang tua/wali hukum) memiliki kewajiban untuk menyuruhnya belajar berpuasa agar terbiasa.
- Menurut sebagian ulama, bagi anak yang sudah berusia 10 tahun dan tidak mau berpuasa meskipun mampu, wali diizinkan untuk memberikan pukulan yang tidak membahayakan agar ia mau melakukannya.
3. Pandangan Imam Al-Muhib At-Tabari
Imam ini membedakan antara puasa dan sholat. Perintah memukul untuk mendorong sholat berdasarkan hadits, sedangkan untuk puasa hal itu dianggap menyulitkan anak. Oleh karena itu, yang lebih utama adalah menyuruh anak agar terbiasa berpuasa tanpa harus memberikan hukuman fisik
ENGLISH
THE LITTLE ONE FASTING
1. Obligatory Status of Fasting
Children who have not reached puberty are not obligated to fast during Ramadan, as puberty is a primary requirement for the obligation of fasting and prayer. However, if a child is capable of fasting, this does not reduce the validity of their fast.
2. Age and Readiness of the Child
- If a child is 7 years old, capable of fasting, and can eat and drink independently (tamyiz), the guardian (parent/legal guardian) is obligated to tell them to learn to fast in order to get accustomed to it.
- According to some scholars, for a child who is 10 years old and refuses to fast despite being capable, the guardian is permitted to give a non-harmful tap or light spank to encourage them to do so.
3. View of Imam Al-Muhib At-Tabari
This Imam distinguishes between fasting and prayer. The instruction to use light physical means to encourage prayer is based on hadith, while for fasting, this is considered burdensome for the child. Therefore, it is more important to tell the child to get accustomed to fasting without resorting to physical punishment.
CONCLUSION
In our culture, if a young child refuses to fast, the response is: "It's okay, no need to force it now. You can start when you're a bit older if you're not strong enough yet." When they are older, they are given motivational words such as: "Look, [child's name] is strong enough to fast. How come you can't do it?"
DALIL
قَوْلُهُ:(وَلَا عَلَى صَبِيٍّ) لَكِنْ يُؤْمَرُ بِهِ لِسَبْعٍ إذَا أَطَاقَ وَمَيَّزَ وَيُضْرَبُ عَلَى تَرْكِهِ لِعَشْرٍ لِيَتَمَرَّنَ عَلَيْهِ، وَالصَّبِيَّةُ كَالصَّبِيِّ، وَالْأَمْرُ وَالضَّرْبُ وَاجِبَانِ عَلَى الْوَلِيِّ كَمَا مَرَّ فِي الصَّلَاةِ خِلَافًا لِلْمُحِبِّ الطَّبَرِيِّ حَيْثُ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا. اهـ. شَرْحُ م ر. فَالصِّبَا وَالْجُنُونُ، وَالْحَيْضُ، وَالنِّفَاسُ مَانِعَةٌ مِنْ الْوُجُوبِ بَلْ مَا عَدَا الصِّبَا مَانِعٌ مِنْ الصِّحَّةِ إنْ تَقَدَّمَ عَلَى طُلُوعِ الْفَجْرِ وَمُبْطِلٌ لِلصَّوْمِ إنْ طَرَأَ عَلَيْهِ
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