BEDA HUKUM MENGONSUMSI KADAL GURUN DAN BIAWAK
1. Persepsi Umum Mengenai Biawak
- Biawak adalah hewan yang sering ditemukan di tempat lembap, rawa-rawa, dan dekat perairan.
- Di beberapa daerah, daging biawak diolah menjadi makanan dan dipercaya memiliki khasiat kesehatan, seperti meningkatkan stamina dan mencegah penyakit tertentu.
- Banyak masyarakat menganggap biawak halal dimakan karena menyamakannya dengan hewan Dlabb yang disebutkan dalam hadits.
2. Perbedaan Antara Hewan Dlabb dan Biawak
Secara hukum Islam, sangat penting membedakan definisi kedua hewan ini karena memiliki status hukum yang berbeda:
A. Hewan Dlabb (Kadal Gurun)
- Nama lain: Uromastyx atau Kadal Gurun.
- Habitat: Hidup di daerah gurun pasir, bukan di rawa-rawa atau air.
- Makanan: Memakan rerumputan dan belalang (bukan hewan buas/pemangsa).
- Ciri fisik: Tubuh kasar dan tebal, ekor lebar dan tidak terlalu panjang, ukuran tubuh lebih kecil dibandingkan biawak.
- Keterangan khusus: Menurut kitab fiqih, hewan ini memiliki karakteristik khusus seperti jarang minum air dan kencing hanya sekali dalam 40 hari.
- Hukum: HALAL. Hal ini didasarkan pada hadits riwayat Al-Bukhari yang menyatakan bahwa sahabat Nabi pernah memakannya dan Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam bersabda: "Makanlah, karena daging itu halal... akan tetapi bukan makananku."
B. Hewan Biawak
- Nama Arab: Al-Waral.
- Habitat: Hidup di rawa-rawa, sungai, dan tempat yang lembap.
- Makanan: Termasuk hewan buas yang memangsa kodok, ikan, tikus, burung, dan hewan kecil lainnya.
- Ciri fisik: Tubuh lebih besar, ekor panjang dan licin, serta hidup berdekatan dengan air.
- Hukum: HARAM.
3. Dalil dan Dasar Hukum Keharaman Biawak
- Meskipun bentuk fisiknya mirip, biawak bukanlah hewan Dlabb yang dimaksud dalam hadits.
- Hal ini ditegaskan dalam kitab Bulghah at-Thullab yang menyatakan: "Hewan yang dikenal dengan nama biawak itu sejatinya bukanlah binatang Dlabb, maka haram mengonsumsinya."
- Ketetapan ini juga telah diputuskan sejak lama dalam Muktamar ke-7 Nahdlatul Ulama yang diselenggarakan pada tanggal 9 Agustus 1932 M di Bandung.
- Alasan keharamannya adalah karena biawak tergolong hewan yang menjijikkan (qadharah) menurut pandangan tabiat orang Arab secara umum dan bersifat buas.
4. Kesimpulan
- Kadal Gurun (Dlabb) adalah hewan yang Halal dimakan berdasarkan dalil hadits.
- Biawak (Al-Waral) adalah hewan yang Haram dimakan berdasarkan ketetapan ulama dan keputusan organisasi Islam (NU), karena berbeda jenis dan sifatnya dengan Dlabb.
- Seorang Muslim wajib memperhatikan status halal atau haram makanan, tidak hanya melihat dari sisi kelezatan atau manfaat kesehatan semata
ENGLISH
DIFFERENCES IN THE RULING ON CONSUMPTION OF SPINY-TAILED LIZARD (UROMASTYX) AND MONITOR LIZARD
1. General Perception Regarding Monitor Lizards
- Monitor lizards are animals often found in humid areas, swamps, and near water bodies.
- In several regions, monitor lizard meat is processed into food and is believed to have health benefits, such as increasing stamina and preventing certain diseases.
- Many people consider monitor lizards lawful (halal) to eat because they equate it with the animal called Dlabb mentioned in the Hadith.
2. Differences Between Dlabb and Monitor Lizard
In Islamic law, it is very important to distinguish between these two animals as they have different legal statuses:
A. Animal Dlabb (Spiny-tailed Lizard)
- Other names: Uromastyx or Desert Lizard.
- Habitat: Lives in desert areas, not in swamps or water.
- Diet: Feeds on grass and locusts (not a predatory/wild animal).
- Physical characteristics: Rough and thick body, wide and not overly long tail, smaller in size compared to the monitor lizard.
- Special characteristics: According to Fiqh books, this animal has unique traits such as rarely drinking water and urinating only once every 40 days.
- Ruling: LAWFUL (HALAL). This is based on the Hadith narrated by Al-Bukhari, which states that the Companions of the Prophet ate it, and the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: "Eat it, for it is lawful... however, it is not part of my diet."
B. Monitor Lizard
- Arabic name: Al-Waral.
- Habitat: Lives in swamps, rivers, and humid places.
- Diet: Classified as a wild animal that preys on frogs, fish, rats, birds, and other small animals.
- Physical characteristics: Larger body, long and smooth tail, and lives near water.
- Ruling: UNLAWFUL (HARAM).
3. Evidence and Basis for the Prohibition of Consuming Monitor Lizard
- Although physically similar, the monitor lizard is not the Dlabb referred to in the Hadith.
- This is confirmed in the book Bulghah at-Thullab, which states: "The animal known to us as the monitor lizard is truly not the Dlabb, therefore it is forbidden to consume."
- This ruling was also established long ago during the 7th Congress of Nahdlatul Ulama, held on August 9, 1932, in Bandung.
- The reason for its prohibition is that the monitor lizard is considered a repugnant/loathsome animal (qadharah) according to the natural disposition (fitrah) of the Arabs and is classified as a predatory animal.
4. Conclusion
- The Spiny-tailed Lizard (Dlabb) is Lawful (Halal) to eat based on the evidence of the Hadith.
- The Monitor Lizard (Al-Waral) is Unlawful (Haram) to eat based on the rulings of scholars and the decision of the Islamic organization (NU), because it differs in type and nature from Dlabb.
- A Muslim is obliged to pay attention to the lawful or unlawful status of food, and not only consider its taste or health benefits alone
DALIL
كَانَ نَاسٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِيهِمْ سَعْدٌ فَذَهَبُوا يَأْكُلُونَ مِنْ لَحْمٍ فَنَادَتْهُمْ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْ بَعْضِ أَزْوَاجِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّهُ لَحْمُ ضَبٍّ فَأَمْسَكُوا فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كُلُوا أَوْ اطْعَمُوا فَإِنَّهُ حَلَالٌ أَوْ قَالَ لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ شَكَّ فِيهِ وَلَكِنَّهُ لَيْسَ مِنْ طَعَامِي
Artinya, “Orang-orang dari kalangan sahabat Nabi Muhammad shallallahu ’alaihi wa sallam yang di antara mereka terdapat Sa’ad sedang makan daging. Kemudian salah seorang istri Nabi shallallahu ’alaihi wa sallam memanggil mereka seraya berkata: ‘Itu daging dlabb’. Mereka pun berhenti makan. Lalu Rasulullah shallallahu’alaihi wasallam bersabda, ‘Makanlah, karena karena daging itu halal’ atau beliau bersabda, ‘Tidak masalah (daging itu) dimakan, akan tetapi daging hewan itu bukanlah makananku” (HR al-Bukhari)
Meaning: "Some of the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, among whom was Sa'd, were eating some meat. Then one of the wives of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, called out to them saying: 'That is the meat of dlabb.' So they stopped eating it. Then the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: 'Eat it, for it is lawful' or he said: 'There is no harm in eating it, however it is not part of my food.'" (Narrated by al-Bukhari)
(قَوْلُهُ وَضَبٌّ) وَهُوَ حَيَوَانٌ يُشْبِهُ الْوَرَلَ يَعِيْشُ نَحْوَ سَبْعِمِائَةِ سَنَةٍ وَمِنْ شَأْنِهِ أَنَّهُ لاَ يَشْرَبُ الْمَاءَ. وَأَنَّهُ يَبُوْلُ فِيْ أَرْبَعِيْنَ يَوْمًا مَرَّةً وَأَنَّهُ لِلأُنْثَى مِنْهُ فَرْجَانِ وَلِلذَّكَرِ ذَكَرَانِ .
Artinya, “Binatang dlabb adalah binatang yang menyerupai biawak yang hidup sekitar tujuh ratus tahun. Sebagian dari spesifikasi binatang ini adalah tidak minum air dan kencing satu kali dalam empat puluh hari. Hewan dlabb yang betina mempunyai dua alat kelamin, dan yang jantan pun mempunyai dua alat kelamin” (Syihabuddin al-Qulyubi, Hasyiyah al-Qulyubi ‘ala al-Minhaj, (Indonesia: al-Haramain), Juz IV, Hal. 259)
Meaning: “The dlabb animal is a creature that resembles a monitor lizard and lives for approximately seven hundred years. Among its characteristics are that it does not drink water and urinates only once every forty days. The female dlabb has two private parts, and the male also has two private parts” (Syihabuddin al-Qulyubi, Hasyiyah al-Qulyubi ‘ala al-Minhaj, (Indonesia: al-Haramain), Volume IV, p. 259)
الحَيَوَانُ المَعْرُوْفُ عِنْدَنَا المُسَمَّى بِنْيَاوَاكْ سَلِيْرَا لَيْسَ هُوَ الضَّبُّ فَيَحْرُمُ أَكْلُهُ
Artinya, “Hewan yang dikenal di kalangan (sekitar) kita dengan nama biawak seliro itu sejatinya bukanlah binatang dlabb, maka haram mengonsumsinya” (KH Thoifur Ali Wafa, Bulghah at-Thullab, Hal. 357)
Meaning: "The animal known among us as 'biawak seliro' is in reality not the dlabb animal, therefore it is forbidden to consume it" (KH Thoifur Ali Wafa, Bulghah at-Thullab, p. 357)
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