SHOLAT DUDUK
Kesulitan mendatangkan Kemudahan
- Inti: Jika ada kesulitan atau kendala ('uzr), maka hukum menjadi longgar/ringan.
- Contoh: Sakit boleh shalat duduk atau tidur, tidak ada air boleh tayammum, musafir boleh qashar shalat.
- Bentuk keringanan: Bisa berupa penghapusan, pengurangan, penggantian, atau perubahan cara pelaksanaan.
Keadaan Lapang Hukum Menjadi Sempit
- Inti: Jika kondisi sudah memungkinkan dan tidak ada kesulitan, maka kembali pada aturan yang ketat/asli.
- Contoh: Sedikit gerakan saat shalat boleh, tapi banyak gerak tanpa alasan tidak boleh.
- Kesimpulan: Segala sesuatu tidak boleh melampaui batas, jika berlebihan maka hukumnya berubah menjadi sebaliknya.
Bahaya/Kerusakan Harus Dihilangkan
- Inti: Setiap bentuk keburukan atau kerugian harus dihindari dan diatasi.
- Contoh: Boleh menolak barang yang cacat, boleh membatalkan nikah jika ada cacat yang menyembunyikan.
Bahaya Tidak Boleh Dihilangkan dengan Bahaya
- Inti: Jangan menyelesaikan masalah dengan cara yang justru menimbulkan masalah baru atau merugikan orang lain.
- Contoh: Tidak boleh mengambil hak orang lain yang juga membutuhkan hanya demi menyelamatkan diri sendiri.
Darurat Membolehkan yang Dilarang
- Inti: Dalam kondisi sangat mendesak (nyawa terancam), sesuatu yang asalnya haram boleh dilakukan.
- Contoh: Makan bangkai/babi haram menjadi boleh saat kelaparan agar tidak mati, mengucapkan kata kufur karena dipaksa/diancam.
Sesuai Kadar Kebutuhan
- Inti: Keringanan karena darurat hanya dibatasi seperlunya saja, tidak boleh berlebihan.
- Contoh: Makan hanya sampai cukup untuk bertahan hidup, tidak boleh berlebih-lebihan atau disimpan.
Kebutuhan Sama Posisinya dengan Darurat
- Inti: Sesuatu yang menjadi kebutuhan umum masyarakat hukumnya bisa menjadi longgar seperti halnya kondisi darurat.
- Contoh: Boleh melihat wanita bukan mahram untuk keperluan lamaran atau transaksi bisnis.
Pilih Kerusakan yang Paling Ringan
- Inti: Jika terpaksa menghadapi dua keburukan, pilih yang dampak buruknya lebih kecil dan tinggalkan yang lebih besar.
- Contoh: Membedah perut ibu yang sudah meninggal untuk menyelamatkan bayi yang masih hidup.
Mencegah Bahaya Didahulukan daripada Mencari Manfaat
- Inti: Menghindari kerugian lebih penting daripada mencari keuntungan/kemaslahatan.
- Contoh: Meninggalkan sunnah berkumur saat berwudhu jika sedang puasa demi menjaga puasa tetap sah.
Asal Hubungan Suami Istri adalah Haram
- Inti: Pergaulan laki-laki dan perempuan serta hubungan intim asalnya adalah haram, kecuali ada dalil yang menghalalkannya (akad nikah atau kepemilikan sah).
- Contoh: Tidak boleh sembarangan memilih pasangan tanpa kepastian hukum, dan harus ada bukti yang jelas bahwa ia halal bagi kita
ENGLISH
PRAYING WHILE SITTING
Hardship Brings Ease
- Core Principle: When facing difficulty or obstacles ('uzr), the religious ruling becomes flexible and easier to follow.
- Example: If you are sick, you may pray while sitting or lying down. If there is no water, you may perform dry purification (Tayammum). Travelers may shorten their prayers.
- Forms of Relief: This can mean removing the obligation entirely, reducing the requirement, replacing it with an alternative, or changing the method of performance.
When Circumstances Are Easy, Rules Become Strict
- Core Principle: When conditions are normal and there is no difficulty, one must return to the original, stricter rules.
- Example: Small movements during prayer are allowed, but excessive movement without a valid reason is not permitted.
- Conclusion: Nothing should exceed its proper limits. If something goes to excess, its ruling changes to the opposite.
Harm or Damage Must Be Removed
- Core Principle: All forms of harm, disadvantage, or loss must be avoided and resolved.
- Example: A buyer may reject defective goods. A marriage may be annulled if one partner hides a serious defect.
Harm Cannot Be Removed by Causing More Harm
- Core Principle: Do not solve a problem in a way that creates a new problem or harms others.
- Example: You cannot take what belongs to someone else—even if you are in need—if that person is also in the same situation of need just to save yourself.
Necessity Permits What Is Normally Forbidden
- Core Principle: In life-threatening situations or extreme emergencies, things that are normally prohibited become allowed.
- Example: Eating carrion or pork becomes lawful if it is the only way to avoid starvation. Uttering words of disbelief is allowed if done under severe coercion or threat.
Permission Is Limited to the Extent of Necessity
- Core Principle: The allowance given during an emergency is strictly limited to what is actually needed; one must not go overboard.
- Example: You may eat only enough to stay alive. You cannot eat excessively or save the excess for later.
General Needs Are Treated Similarly to Necessities
- Core Principle: Things that are considered essential public needs may also be treated with flexibility, similar to emergency situations.
- Example: It is permissible to look at a woman who is not a close relative for the purpose of proposing marriage or conducting necessary business.
Choose the Lesser of Two Evils
- Core Principle: When forced to face two negative outcomes, choose the one that causes less damage and avoid the greater harm.
- Example: Performing a Caesarean section on a deceased mother to save the life of the unborn baby is permitted.
Preventing Harm Takes Priority Over Gaining Benefits
- Core Principle: Avoiding loss or damage is more important than seeking profit or benefits.
- Example: While rinsing the mouth and nose is recommended during purification, it is discouraged while fasting to ensure the fast remains valid.
Sexual Relations Are Originally Forbidden
- Core Principle: Intimate relations and mixing between men and women are forbidden by default, unless there is clear legal permission (such as a valid marriage contract or lawful ownership).
- Example: One cannot choose a partner without legal certainty. There must be clear proof that the person is lawful (halal) for you
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