MACAM-MACAM QUNUT DAN HUKUMNYA MENURUT ULAMA
Dalam pelaksanaan ibadah salat, pembacaan doa Qunut merupakan amalan yang sering dilakukan, baik pada salat Subuh, Witir, maupun saat terjadi musibah. Namun, terdapat perbedaan pandangan di kalangan ulama mengenai waktu pelaksanaan dan hukumnya.
Berikut adalah ringkasan jenis-jenis Qunut dan pandangan para imam mazhab:
1. QUNUT NAZILAH
Qunut ini dibacakan pada rakaat terakhir salat, tepatnya setelah ruku’ (saat i’tidal).
- Hukum: Sunnah Hai’ah. Jika lupa atau tertinggal, tidak disunatkan melakukan Sujud Sahwi.
- Waktu Pelaksanaan: Dilakukan ketika terjadi musibah atau bencana yang menimpa umat, seperti wabah penyakit, bencana alam, dan sebagainya.
- Dalil: Rasulullah SAW pernah membaca Qunut Nazilah selama satu bulan mendoakan kaum yang telah membunuh para penghafal Al-Qur’an di peristiwa Bi’r Ma’unah.
2. QUNUT SHALAT WITIR
Terdapat perbedaan pendapat di antara para imam mazhab terkait waktu pelaksanaannya:
- Madzhab Hanafi: Dilakukan pada rakaat ketiga sebelum ruku’.
- Madzhab Hambali: Dilakukan pada rakaat ketiga sesudah ruku’.
- Madzhab Syafi’i: Dilakukan pada akhir rakaat sesudah ruku’, namun khusus pada separuh kedua bulan Ramadhan.
- Madzhab Maliki: Berpendapat bahwa Qunut Witir tidak disunnahkan.
3. QUNUT SHALAT SUBUH
Ini adalah jenis Qunut yang paling banyak perbedaan pendapatnya di kalangan ulama:
- Pandangan Madzhab Hanafi & Hambali:
Hukumnya tidak disunnahkan (sudah mansukh/dihapus). Berdasarkan riwayat Ibnu Mas’ud, Nabi SAW memang pernah melakukan Qunut selama sebulan, namun kemudian meninggalkannya dan tidak mengamalkannya lagi hingga akhir hayat.
- Pandangan Madzhab Maliki & Syafi'i:
Hukumnya Sunnah Ab’ad (sangat dianjurkan). Jika lupa melakukannya, disunatkan melakukan Sujud Sahwi sebelum salam.
Berdasarkan riwayat Anas bin Malik, Rasulullah SAW terus membaca Qunut di salat Subuh setelah ruku’ hingga beliau wafat.
Imam Nawawi dalam kitab Majmu’ menyatakan: "Dalam madzhab kita (Syafi’i) disunnahkan membaca qunut dalam shalat Subuh, baik karena ada mushibah maupun tidak. Inilah pendapat mayoritas ulama salaf."
KESIMPULAN
Perbedaan hadits dan pendapat ulama ini diselesaikan dengan cara tawfiq (kompromi). Hadits yang menyatakan Nabi meninggalkan Qunut diartikan sebagai perubahan cara, bukan larangan mutlak. oh ya menurut buya yahya a bagi yang belum hafal membaca doa yang di hafal. misal rabbana atina. tapi lebih baik kamu belajar terus menghafal selama belum hafal pakai doa itu dan jika hafal pakai doa qunut aja sesuai umum nya dan yang di lakukan nabi
ENGLISH
TYPES OF QUNUT AND THEIR RULINGS ACCORDING TO SCHOLARS
In Islamic prayer (Salat), reciting specific supplications known as Qunut is a common practice. It is often performed during the Dawn Prayer (Subuh), the Night Prayer (Witir), or during times of calamity. However, Islamic scholars have different opinions regarding when it should be performed and its legal status.
Here is a summary of the types of Qunut and the views of the four major schools of Islamic thought (Mazhab):
1. QUNUT NAZILAH
(Supplication for Times of Calamity)
This Qunut is recited in the last unit of prayer, specifically after rising from the bowing position (Ruku’).
- Ruling: It is considered Sunnah Hai’ah (a recommended practice based on specific situations). If forgotten or omitted, there is no need to perform the compensatory prostration (Sujud Sahwi).
- When to Perform: It is recited when the community is facing a disaster, such as an epidemic, natural calamity, or other hardships.
- Evidence: The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) used to recite this Qunut for an entire month to pray against those who killed the reciters of the Quran in the event of Bi'r Ma'unah.
2. QUNUT IN SHALAT WITIR
(The Odd-Unit Night Prayer)
Scholars differ on the timing of Qunut during this special night prayer:
- Hanafi School: Performed in the 3rd unit before bowing (Ruku’).
- Hambali School: Performed in the 3rd unit after bowing (Ruku’).
- Shafi’i School: Performed in the last unit after bowing, but specifically practiced only during the second half of the holy month of Ramadan.
- Maliki School: Holds the view that Qunut is not recommended for the Witir prayer.
3. QUNUT IN SHALAT SUBUH
(The Dawn Prayer)
This is the type of Qunut that causes the most significant difference of opinion among scholars.
- View of Hanafi & Hambali Schools:
They rule that it is not recommended (considered Mansukh or abrogated). Based on reports from Ibn Mas’ud, the Prophet did practice it for one month, but then stopped and did not resume it for the rest of his life.
- View of Maliki & Shafi'i Schools:
They rule that it is Sunnah Ab’ad (highly recommended and virtuous). If forgotten, one should perform Sujud Sahwi before ending the prayer.
Based on reports from Anas bin Malik, the Prophet continued to recite Qunut in the Subuh prayer after bowing until he passed away.
Imam Nawawi stated in his book Majmu’: "In our school (Shafi'i), it is recommended to recite Qunut in the Subuh prayer, whether there is a calamity or not. This is the opinion of the majority of early scholars."
CONCLUSION
The difference between the narrations and opinions is resolved through a method of reconciliation (Tawfiq). The hadith stating that the Prophet stopped Qunut is interpreted as a change in practice, not an absolute prohibition.
Additional Note from Buya Yahya:
For those who have not yet memorized the specific text of Qunut, it is perfectly fine to recite short supplications you already know by heart, such as "Rabbana atina..." (Our Lord, grant us...). However, it is advised to keep learning and memorizing the proper Qunut text. While you are still memorizing, use the simple supplication. Once you have memorized it, use the standard Qunut prayer as practiced commonly and as performed by the Prophet
DALIL
رَوَى ابنُ مَسْعُوْدٍ: أَنَّهُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ قَنَتَ فِيْ صَلاَةِ الفَجْرِ شَهْراً ثُمَّ تَرَكَهُ
“Diriwayatkan oleh Ibn Mas’ud: Bahwa Nabi SAW telah melakukan doa qunut selama satu bulan untuk mendoakan atas orang-orang Arab yang masih hidup, kemudian Nabi SAW meninggalkannya.” (HR. Muslim)
"Narrated by Ibn Mas’ud: That the Prophet (peace be upon him) performed the Qunut supplication for one month to pray for the Arab tribes who were still alive, and afterwards, the Prophet discontinued it." (Reported by Muslim)
مَذْهَبُنَا أَنَّهُ يُسْتَحَبُّ القَُنُوْتُ فِيْهَا سَوَاءٌ نَزَلَتْ نَازِلَةٌ أَمْ لَمْ تَنْزِلْ وَبِهَذَا قَالَ أَكْثَرُ السَّلَفِ
“Dalam Madzhab kita (madzhab Syafi’i) disunnahkan membaca qunut dalam shalat Shubuh, baik karena ada mushibah maupun tidak. Inilah pendapat mayoritas ulma’ salaf”. (al-Majmu’, juz 1 : 504)
"In our school of thought (the Shafi'i Madhhab), it is recommended to recite Qunut in the Subuh prayer, whether there is a calamity or not. This is the opinion of the majority of the early scholars (Salaf)." (al-Majmu', Vol. 1: Page 504)
QUNUT PRAYER
اَللّهُمَّ اهْدِنِىْ فِيْمَنْ هَدَيْتَ وَعَافِنِى فِيْمَنْ عَافَيْتَ وَتَوَلَّنِىْ فِيْمَنْ تَوَلَّيْتَ وَبَارِكْ لِىْ فِيْمَا اَعْطَيْتَ وَقِنِيْ شَرَّمَا قَضَيْتَ فَاِ نَّكَ تَقْضِىْ وَلاَ يُقْضَى عَلَيْكَ وَاِ نَّهُ لاَ يَذِلُّ مَنْ وَالَيْتَ وَلاَ يَعِزُّ مَنْ عَادَيْتَ تَبَارَكْتَ رَبَّنَا وَتَعَالَيْتَ فَلَكَ الْحَمْدُ عَلَى مَا قَضَيْتَ وَاَسْتَغْفِرُكَ وَاَتُوْبُ اِلَيْكَ وَصَلَّى اللهُ عَلَى سَيِّدَنَا مُحَمَّدٍ النَّبِيِّ اْلاُمِّيِّ وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ وَسَلَّمَ
Allahummahdini fî man hadait, wa ‘âfini fî man ‘âfait, wa tawallanî fî man tawallait, wa bâriklî fî mâ a‘thait, wa qinî syarra mâ qadhait, fa innaka taqdhî wa lâ yuqdhâ ‘alaik, wa innahû lâ yazillu man wâlait, wa lâ ya‘izzu man ‘âdait, tabârakta rabbanâ wa ta‘âlait, fa lakal hamdu a’lâ mâ qadhait, wa astagfiruka wa atûbu ilaik, wa shallallâhu ‘alâ sayyidinâ muhammadin nabiyyil ummiyyi wa ‘alâ âlihi wa shahbihi wa sallam
Artinya: “Ya Allah, berikanlah petunjuk kepada kami sebagaimana mereka yang telah Engkau tunjukkan. Dan berilah kesehatan kepada kami sebagaimana mereka yang Engkau telah berikan kesehatan. Dan peliharalah kami sebagaimana orang yang telah Engkau peliharakan. Dan berilah keberkahan kepada kami pada apa-apa yang telah Engkau karuniakan. Dan selamatkan kami dari bahaya kejahatan yang Engkau telah tentukan. Maka sesungguhnya Engkaulah yang menghukum dan bukan terkena hukum. Maka sesungguhnya tidak hina orang yang Engkau pimpin. Dan tidak mulia orang yang Engkau memusuhinya. Maha Suci Engkau wahai Tuhan kami dan Maha tinggi Engkau. Maha bagi Engkau segala pujian di atas yang Engkau hukumkan. Aku memohon ampun dari Engkau dan aku bertaubat kepada Engkau. (Dan semoga Allah) mencurahkan rahmat dan sejahtera untuk junjungan kami Nabi Muhammad, keluarga dan sahabatnya.”
Meaning:
"O Allah, guide us just as You have guided those before us. Grant us health and well-being as You have granted to those whom You have favored. Protect us as You protect Your chosen servants. Bless what You have bestowed upon us, and save us from the evil that You have ordained.
Indeed, it is You who rules, and You are never ruled over. Truly, he whom You befriend will never be humiliated, and he whom You oppose will never be honored.
Glory be to You, our Lord, and Exalted is Your Majesty. All praise is due to You for all that You have decreed. I seek Your forgiveness and I turn to You in repentance.
And may Allah send blessings and peace upon our leader, Prophet Muhammad, his family, and his companions."
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