PERLUKAH MEMBAYAR KAFARAT UTANG PUASA TAHUN LALU
Dasar Utama Qadha Puasa
- Siapa yang meninggalkan puasa Ramadhan, baik karena uzur (sakit, perjalanan, haid, nifas) maupun sebab lain (sengaja misal mokel), wajib mengqadha puasa tersebut di hari lain, sesuai ketentuan Surah Al-Baqarah ayat 184.
- Jika ditinggalkan tanpa uzur, qadha harus dilaksanakan sesegera mungkin; jika karena uzur, boleh ditunda hingga menjelang Ramadhan tahun berikutnya.
Ketentuan Fidyah atas Keterlambatan
- Menurut Imam An-Nawawi, jika menunda qadha hingga masuk Ramadhan berikutnya, selain tetap wajib qadha, juga harus membayar fidyah sebesar 1 mud (sekitar 7 ons) beras untuk setiap hari yang belum dilunasi.
- Fidyah ini bukan pengganti kewajiban qadha, melainkan kewajiban tambahan karena keterlambatan.
- Fidyah berulang dan dibebankan setiap tahun jika masih ada sisa utang puasa yang belum diqadha saat memasuki Ramadhan baru. Contoh: sisa utang 6 hari saat masuk Ramadhan tahun ini, bayar fidyah 6 mud; jika tahun depan masih tersisa 3 hari, bayar lagi 3 mud, dan seterusnya.
Kapan Wajib dan Boleh Membayar Fidyah?
- Kewajiban membayar fidyah baru berlaku saat sudah memasuki Ramadhan tahun berikutnya, setelah dipastikan jumlah utang puasa yang benar-benar belum lunas.
- Membayar fidyah sebelum masuk Ramadhan hukumnya tidak boleh, karena kewajiban itu belum jatuh tempo.
Catatan Terkait Kasus yang Ditanyakan
- Jika Fulan masih memiliki sisa utang puasa yang belum dilunasi saat memasuki Ramadhan 1446 H, ia tetap wajib membayar fidyah untuk sisa hari tersebut, meskipun sebelumnya sudah pernah membayar fidyah di tahun sebelumnya
KESIMPULAN
Inti nya jika sengaja membatalkan puasa bayar dengan usaha maksimal. Jika karena tidak sengaja bayar asal belum memasukan 1 ramadhan dan jika udah masuk wajib pakai dam di luar ramadhan itu
ENGLISH
IS IT NECESSARY TO PAY EXPIATION FOR OUTSTANDING FASTING DEBTS FROM PREVIOUS YEARS?
Core Rules for Making Up Missed Fasts (Qadha)
- Anyone who misses fasts in Ramadan — whether due to valid reasons (illness, travel, menstruation, post-childbirth bleeding) or other reasons such as intentionally breaking the fast — is obliged to make up the missed fasts on other days, in accordance with Surah Al-Baqarah verse 184.
- If fasts are missed without a valid reason, they must be made up as soon as possible. If missed for a valid reason, they may be postponed until just before the next Ramadan.
Provisions on Fidyah for Delays
- According to Imam An-Nawawi, if one delays making up missed fasts until the start of the next Ramadan, they must still make up the fasts and additionally pay fidyah equal to 1 mud (approximately 700 grams) of rice for each day not yet made up.
- This fidyah does not replace the obligation to make up the fasts; it is an extra obligation imposed for the delay.
- Fidyah applies repeatedly every year if any fasts remain unmade up when a new Ramadan begins. For example: if 6 days remain outstanding when Ramadan starts this year, pay fidyah for 6 days. If 3 days are still left next year, pay fidyah for those 3 days again, and so on.
When is Fidyah Due and Permissible?
- The obligation to pay fidyah only takes effect once the next Ramadan has begun, after confirming the exact number of fasts still outstanding.
- Paying fidyah before Ramadan starts is not permissible, as the obligation has not yet come into force.
Clarification for the Case Presented
- If Fulan still has outstanding fasts when Ramadan 1446 H begins, he must pay fidyah for the remaining days — even if he already paid fidyah in previous years.
CONCLUSION
In essence: if you intentionally break a fast, fulfill your obligation to make it up to the best of your ability. If you miss fasts unintentionally, you may postpone making them up as long as the next Ramadan has not yet begun. Once Ramadan arrives, you must pay the fidyah separately from making up the fasts afterwards
DALIL
فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم مَّرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ ۚ وَعَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُۥ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ ۖ فَمَن تَطَوَّعَ خَيْرًا فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَّهُۥ ۚ وَأَن تَصُومُوا۟ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ ۖ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ
Artinya, "Maka siapa saja di antara kamu ada yang sakit atau dalam perjalanan (lalu ia tidak berpuasa), maka (wajiblah baginya berpuasa) sebanyak hari yang ditinggalkan itu pada hari-hari yang lain."
"So whoever among you is ill or on a journey [and does not fast], then [must make up the fast for] an equal number of days on other days.'"
ومن أخر قضاء رمضان مع إمكانه حتى دخل رمضان آخر لزمه مع القضاء لكل يوم مد والأصح تكرره بتكرر السنين
Artinya, "Seseorang yang menunda melunasi hutang puasa Ramadhan hingga datang Ramadhan selanjutnya, maka selain melunasi hutang puasa, dia wajib membayar fidyah (1 mud) setiap satu hari. Menurut pendapat yang paling shahih, fidyah berlipat ganda seiring bertambahnya tahun" (An-Nawawi, Minhajuth Thalibin [Beirut: Darul Fikr, 2005], halaman 78)
"Whoever delays making up missed Ramadan fasts until the next Ramadan arrives, is obliged to both make up those fasts and additionally pay fidyah (one mud) for each day. According to the most authentic scholarly view, fidyah is charged repeatedly for each additional year the debt remains unsettled" (An-Nawawi, Minhajuth Thalibin [Beirut: Darul Fikr, 2005], p. 78)
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